[96][clarification needed]. A number of governments set tariff and exchange rate policies that undermined the export sector and aided the urban working classes. Semi-sedentary populations had agriculture and settled villages, but soil exhaustion required relocation of settlements. With what the U.S. considered the prospect of even more radical changes in Guatemala, it backed a coup against Arbenz in 1954, overthrowing him. Corrections? In the 1990s, economic stress in Ecuador during the La Dcada Perdida triggered considerable migration to Spain and to the U.S.[190], Some Latin American countries seek to strengthen links between migrants and their states of origin, while promoting their integration in the receiving state. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repblicas", "Population of Latin America and the Caribbean (2020) Worldometer", "World Economic Outlook Database October 2019", "Ranking of the most dangerous cities in the world in 2023, by murder rate per 100,000 inhabitants", "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race", Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, "Country Directory. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095km (227,481mi),[295] of which 116,802km (72,577mi) are paved,[296][297] Of these, 10,474km (6,508mi) are multi-lane expressways: 9,544km (5,930mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.[296]. [117], The Cuban Revolution had a tremendous impact not just on Cuba, but on Latin America as a whole, and the world. [87] Britain now replaced Spain as the region's largest tradingpartner. [15] Research has shown that the idea that a part of the Americas has a linguistic and cultural affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that a part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a "Latin race", and that it could, therefore, ally itself with "Latin Europe", ultimately overlapping the Latin Church, in a struggle with "Teutonic Europe," "Anglo-Saxon America," and "Slavic Europe. With the passage of anti-colonial resolutions in the United Nations General Assembly and the signing of resolutions for Indigenous rights, the Indigenous are able to act to guarantee their existence within nation-states with legal standing. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. In other Latin American countries, the population of speakers of Indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent, for example in Uruguay. All rights reserved. Click on the image below to download it. Haitian independence affected colonial empires in the Americas, as well as the United States. Racine, K. (Aug 2010). Crime-related violence is the biggest threat to public health in Latin America, striking more victims than HIV/AIDS or any other infectious disease. In the sixteenth century the Spanish crown sought to protect Indigenous populations from exploitation by white elites for their labor and land. Durand, Jorge, and Douglas S. Massey. A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters: Report of the World Social Situation, observed that: 'Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour-saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions. Bertoli, Simone, Jess Fernndez-Huertas Moraga, and Francesc Ortega. Wilson, Larman C. "Buenos Aires Conference (1936)". Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. [191], Despite significant progress, education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin America. Arbenz proposed placing capital in the hands of Guatemalans, building new infrastructure, and significant land reform via Decree 900. Cuba had lost its political and economic patron, the Soviet Union, which could no longer provide support. Many followed folk Catholicism, venerated saints, and celebrated religious festivals. Salvucci, Linda K. "Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)". Portugal sailed down the west coast of Africa and the Crown of Castile in central Spain authorized the voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus. 70+ Essential Latin American Spanish Phrases for Travellers Brazilian opera soprano Bidu Sayo, one of Brazil's most famous musicians, was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952. In Mexico, the rapid growth and modernization in country's north has seen the growth of Monterrey, in Nuevo Len. In Argentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paran, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. [25] Two events related with the United States played a central role in both works. For a number of countries in the nineteenth century, especially Mexico, liberals viewed the Catholic Church as an intransigent obstacle to modernization, and when liberals gained power, anticlericalism was written into law, such as the Mexican liberal Constitution of 1857 and the Uruguayan Constitution of 1913 which secularized the state. Historian Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo explores at length the "allure and power" of the idea of Latin America. These traditions reflect the distinctive mixtures of indigenous (Amerindian), African, and European influences that have shifted throughout the region over time. Latin American populations are diverse, with descendants of the Indigenous peoples, European whites, Africans initially brought as slaves, and Asians, as well as new immigrants. Neoliberal restructuring consistently redistributed income upward, while denying political responsibility to provide social welfare rights, and development projects throughout the region increased both inequality and poverty. Published as Chapter 2 of the 2020 UNESCO and UNESCO i-WSSM book "Water Reuse within a Circular Economy Context. Dictatorial powers were granted to some strongmen, nominally ruling as presidents under a constitution, as "constitutional dictators. [9], The region covers an area that stretches from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego and includes much of the Caribbean. [206], Some demographic groups in Latin America have higher prevalence rates for HIV/ AIDS including men who have sex with men having a prevalence rate of 10.6%, and transgender women having one of the highest rates within the population with a prevalence rate of 17.7%. Rendering unto Caesar? Events in Europe had a profound impact on the colonial empires of Spain, Portugal, and France in the Americas. He abandoned the routine U.S. interventions in Latin America that it had claimed as its right and initiated the Good Neighbor Policy in March 1933. Brazil's monarchy, a branch of the House of Braganza, lasted until 1889. [102] At the Montevideo Convention in December 1933, the U.S. Secretary of State voted in favor of the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, declaring "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another. Is Latin America turning Protestant? Grados de ruralidad local en las regiones de planificacn y sus territorios rurales en Costa Rica, Infografa. Historically, the main centers of production have been Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba. [17] The idea of a "Latin race" was then taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid- and late-nineteenth century, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models, but rather to France. Latin America and Caribbean - World Bank The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Income and employment have largely recovered from the pandemic, and markets remain cautiously optimistic about the near future. One term of the agreement was that the U.S. would cease efforts to invade Cuba, a guarantee of its sovereignty. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua-speaking population of Peru and the Quich (K'iche') of Guatemala. In Mexico, the rightwing National Action Party (PAN) won the presidential election of 2000 with its candidate Vicente Fox, ending the 71-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. [314] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),[325] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh). The first half of the nineteenth century is sometimes characterized as the "age of caudillos." Kiernan, James Patrick, "Havana Conference (1928)". [207] Female sex workers and drug users also have higher prevalence for the disease than the general population (4.9% and 1%-49.7% respectively). Omissions? FAQ From the very moment of Europe's discovery of the continents, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crnicas of their experience such as Columbus's letters or Bernal Daz del Castillo's description of the conquest of Mexico. [326], After Brazil, Mexico is the country in Latin America that most stands out in energy production. All shared an isolation from the great mass of humanity inhabiting Eurasia and Africa, who were in some way in contact with one another. Subsequent Pan-American Conferences saw the initial dominance of the U.S. in the hemisphere give way as Latin American nations asserted their priorities. Latin American nations gained standing internationally in the aftermath of the war, participating in the Versailles Conference, signing the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations. Although the region now known as Latin America stretches from northern Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, the diversity of its geography, topography, climate, and cultivable land means that populations were not evenly distributed. [278][279][280] In the footwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked fourth among world producers. "The anti-quincentenary campaign in Guerrero, Mexico: Indigenous identity and the dismantling of the myth of the revolution." La vocacin histrica de la sede subregional en Mxico de la CEPAL es y ha sido la integracin de los pases con los que trabaja: Costa Rica, Cuba, el Salvador, Guatemala, Hait, honduras, Mxico, Nicaragua, Panam y Repblica Dominicana. A number of left-wing governments of the Pink tide lost support. Over time, these populations intermixed, resulting in castas. 2022. [62] Uniquely in the hemisphere, the black victors in Haiti abolished slavery at independence. Both authors also asked for the union of all Latin American countries as the only way to defend their territories against further foreign US interventions. "Panama Conference (1939)". Although most countries did not have Catholicism as the established religion, Protestantism made few inroads in the region until the late twentieth century.