Results: Handel AE, Williamson AJ, Disanto G, Handunnetthi L, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan SV (2010). Don't kiss or share utensils or . Antibiotics will not treat viral infections such as mono. Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr: What's the connection? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Genetic design of an optimized packaging cell line for gene vectors transducing human B cells. If you experience any unusual symptoms, contact your healthcare provider right away and find out whether mono or something else is causing your symptoms. Antigenic analysis of the Epstein-Barr virus major membrane antigen (gp350/220) expressed in yeast and mammalian cells: implications for the development of a subunit vaccine. It is spread through intimate contact with saliva, which is why it is known as the "kissing disease." . Comparative immunogenicity studies on Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) gp340 with novel adjuvants in mice, rabbits, and cotton-top tamarins. Sarabu N, Hricik DE (2015) Introduction to solid organ transplantation In: Ljungman P, Snydman D, Boeckh M (eds). Review/update the 2013 Apr 18;31 Suppl 2(0 2):B194-6. Most cases of mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). These proteins can be detected by CD4 T cells early after infection (Adhikary et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. It's highly contagious and easily passed from person to person. 2001). But most people with the disease get better within a month. 1984). Long HM, Leese AM, Chagoury OL, Connerty SR, Quarcoopome J, Quin LL, Shannon-Lowe C, Rickinson AB (2011). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF2 gene product associates with the gH and gL homologs of EBV and carries an epitope critical to infection of B cells but not of epithelial cells. Once you get mono, the virus remains in your body for life. Even when mono symptoms do show up, they may take a while to appear, about one to two months. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Muckian MD, Wilson JF, Taylor GS, Stagg HR, Pirastu N. BMC Infect Dis. This results in attachment of the virus to the B cell and the virus is then taken up by endocytosis with fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell membrane mediated by EBV gp42 binding to MHC class II. This content does not have an English version. If you use hand sanitizer, choose one with at least a 60% alcohol content. 2007). BMLF1 and BMRF1 are expressed early in infection, before virus structural proteins are made, and are targets of both CD4 and CD8 cells. 2016). There is no vaccine to protect you against mono, and people can spread it before they know they have the illness. Epstein-Barr and Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | CDC HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help EBV structural proteins in the nucleocapsid or envelope are presented directly to newly infected cells and can be processed and recognized by CD4 T cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and lymphomas in immunocompromised persons, as well as multiple sclerosis. If we combine this information with your protected Epstein MA, Morgan AJ, Finerty S, Randle BJ, Kirkwood JK (1985). 2015). 2002). Sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and extreme fatigue are common symptoms. 2008). Mice receiving dendritic cells expressing Zta developed Zta-specific T cell responses and had delayed development of EBV lymphoproliferative disease compared with animals receiving dendritic cells not expressing Zta. The second VLP contained the ectodomain EBV gB fused to the Newcastle disease virus F protein and EBV LMP2 fused to the Newcastle disease virus NP protein. Your healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and check for an enlarged spleen or liver. 2011). There is no vaccine to prevent mono. Infectious Epstein-Barr virus lacking major glycoprotein BLLF1 (gp350/220) demonstrates the existence of additional viral ligands. Epstein-Barr virus vaccine development: a lytic and latent protein cocktail. Epstein-Barr: Researchers speed efforts for vaccine against virus Most people who have mononucleosis, also called mono, will have it only once. van Esser JW, van der Holt B, Meijer E, Niesters HG, Trenschel R, Thijsen SF, van Loon AM, Frassoni F, Bacigalupo A, Schaefer UW, Osterhaus AD, Gratama JW, Lwenberg B, Verdonck LF, Cornelissen JJ (2001). information highlighted below and resubmit the form. Drink plenty of water, fruit juice, herbal tea, soup, and broth. National Library of Medicine NIH Launches Clinical Trial of Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Li W, Duan X, Chen X, Zhan M, Peng H, Meng Y, Li X, Li XY, Pang G, Dou X. Adenovirus Prevention & Treatment There is no vaccine to protect against infectious mononucleosis. EBV is associated with several malignancies; the criteria for association of EBV with cancer includes finding the viral genome in every tumor cell, presence of viral gene expression, and evidence that EBV is clonal (or oligoclonal) in the tumor cells. Before Mutations in other genes including BIRC4, CD27, CD70, CORO1A, FAAP24, LRBA, and MAGT1 predispose patients to severe EBV disease, usually in the absence of increased susceptibility to other pathogens. EBV gp350 has been shown to induce EBV neutralizing antibodies, ADCC, or T cell responses in animals using a number of different platforms. Therefore, a vaccine that prevents EBV infection or reduces the viral load during primary infection might reduce the rate of EBV post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus expressing the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) envelope glycoprotein gp340/220 induces protective immunity against EBV-induced lymphomas in the cottontop tamarin. 2011). Bookshelf Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. How to Prevent the Transmission of Mononucleosis. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Burkitt lymphoma is a common malignancy in children in sub-Sahara Africa. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. There is little change in gp350 amino acid sequence in individuals between the time of acute infectious mononucleosis and convalescence; the few changes that do occur are located outside the CR2 binding domain (Weiss et al. Tugizov SM, Berline JW, Palefsky JM (2003). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common viruses that people catch. Accessibility The .gov means its official. Immunopreciptating antibody to EBV gp350 and gp42 achieves peak levels only at a median of about 900 and 400 days, respectively after onset of symptoms. Mono (infectious mononucleosis) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus in most cases. Background: To date, there is no commercially available vaccine to prevent infectious mononucleosis, a disease frequently induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in adolescents or adults devoid of preexisting immunity to the virus. Mononucleosis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know. Hayman IR, Temple RM, Burgess CK, Ferguson M, Liao J, Meyers C, Sample CE. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Mono is caused by a viral infection. There is a problem with Identification and isolation of the main component (gp350-gp220) of Epstein-Barr virus responsible for generating neutralizing antibodies in vivo. They can remain contagious for roughly six months. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, has launched an early-stage clinical trial to evaluate an investigational preventative vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). 2007). 2003). Kanekiyo M, Bu W, Joyce MG, Meng G, Whittle JR, Baxa U, Yamamoto T, Narpala S, Todd JP, Rao SS, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Rossmann MG, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ (2015). Moutschen M, Leonard P, Moreels A, et al. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cell responses to EBV contrast with CD8 responses in breadth of lytic cycle antigen choice and in lytic cycle recognition. All 13 children who could be evaluated developed antibody to EBV, but only 4 developed EBV neutralizing antibody. Mendelian randomisation identifies priority groups for prophylactic EBV vaccination. It's difficult to identify who has been infected with mono, especially when the affected individual doesn't show symptoms. Alternatively these vaccines could induce protective CD4 or CD8 T cell immunity. 1993). 'Mono' virus linked to seven serious diseases 1999). Ruiss R, Jochum S, Wanner G, Reisbach G, Hammerschmidt W, Zeidler R (2011). In the United States, at least 1 in 4 teenagers and young adults with EBV get mono. About 6% of seronegative persons who receive solid organ transplants develop post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (Sarabu and Hricik, 2016). Crotty S, Kersh EN, Cannons J, Schwartzberg PL, and Ahmed R (2003). Haque T, Johannessen I, Dombagoda D, Sengupta C, Burns DM, Bird P, Hale G, Mieli-Vergani G, Crawford DH (2006). Rees L, Tizard EJ, Morgan AJ, Cubitt WD, Finerty S, Oyewole-Eletu TA, Owen K, Royed C, Stevens SJ, Shroff RC, Tanday MK, Wilson AD, Middeldorp JM, Amlot PL, Steven NM (2009). In: Bowden RA, Ljungman P, Paya CV (eds). Thus, an EBV vaccine that does not prevent infection might still reduce the viral load in the blood after infection and decrease the risk of severe infectious mononucleosis and EBV associated malignancies. Heeke DS, Lin R, Rao E, Woo JC, McCarthy MP, Marshall JD (2016). Rhesus macaques vaccinated with rhesus LCV gp350 had the best level of protection after challenge; animals that still became infected after challenge had the lowest level of rhesus LCV DNA in the blood nearly three years after infection. Zta and Rta are recognized by CD8 T cells more often than early or late proteins (Pudney et al. Most commonly infecting young people, EBV can affect anyone. Different types of immunogens to induce T cell responses have been suggested for a prophylactic EBV vaccine (Brooks et al 2016). government site. 1999) and cottontop tamarins (Finerty et al. Another model that has been used to test gp350 vaccines is the rhesus lymphocryptovirus (LCV). 1988; Jackman et al. How Long Do They Last? Virtually all anaplastic nasopharyngeal carcinomas contain EBV genomes. There are about 1,600 known human . PMID 18190254. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. 2015). While most cases of mono resolve after a few weeks, in very rare cases, the virus can remain active within the body indefinitely. Vaccination of mice with ferritin-gp350 nanoparticles protected the animals from challenge with vaccinia virus expressing gp350; vaccination with encapsulin-gp350 nanoparticles did not protect the mice. Infectious mononucleosis is the most common cause of lost time for new Army recruits. The site is secure. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Cohen JI, Griffith DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Racaniello V, Roizman B, eds. Precopio ML, Sullivan JL, Willard C, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K (2003). When stratified by time since last dose, VE was 76% at 7 . 2011). Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01562-16. 2007 Jun 11;25(24):4697-705. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.008. CD4 T cells recognize immediate-early, early, and late proteins without a preference for the kinetic class of gene expression in EBV seropositive persons (Long et al. Prevention Steps Since EBV is transmitted through close contact with others, the best way to prevent infection is by doing the following: Avoid anyone you know who has mono. Leruez-Ville M, Seng R, Morand P, Boufassa F, Boue F, Deveau C, Rouzioux C, Goujard C, Seigneurin JM, Meyer L (2012). What It Means for You In addition to the infectious disease mononucleosis (mono), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with an increased risk of seven different autoimmune diseases: Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Multiple sclerosis Inflammatory bowel disease Type 1 diabetes Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Celiac disease Finally, mutations in other genes including ATM, CARD11, CTPS1, FCGR3A, GATA2, MCM4, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, and STK4, as well as genes associated with severe combined immunodeficiency, increase the risk of severe EBV disease as well as infections due to other pathogens. Therefore, a vaccine that induced an effective T cell response to EBV might reduce symptomatic disease and/or lower the viral load. How long is mono contagious? 2011). 1984) immunized with gp350 purified from virus-infected cells. Since EBV is transmitted through close contact with others, the best way to prevent infection is by doing the following: Boosting your immune system by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise and enough sleep is a good way to prevent not just mono, but any infection. One serious adverse event occurred that was suspected to be related to the vaccine; a subject who received gp350 in alum/MPL developed headache, meningismus, and oligoarthritis which resolved after 2 months. Mononucleosis (mono) is a contagious infection caused by a herpes virus called Epstein-Barr. Infection of common marmosets with EBV results in lymphocytosis and development of heterophile antibodies similar to those seen with infectious mononucleosis (Wedderburn N et al. Mono is spread through a variety of means. Ragot T, Finerty S, Watkins PE, Perricaudet M, Morgan AJ (1993). The phase 2 gp350 trial showed that gp350 in alum/MPL reduced the rate of infectious mononucleosis by 78% (Sokal et al. Recent sequencing of clinical isolates indicates that gp350 is less conserved than other glycoproteins important for infection (Palser et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An EBV vaccine might also be used to prevent X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 in EBV-seronegative boys with mutations in SH2D1A or in other patients with genetic disorders that predispose to EBV malignancies (reviewed in Cohen 2015) who have not yet become infected. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). A chimeric EBV gp350/220-based VLP replicates the virion B-cell attachment mechanism and elicits long-lasting neutralizing antibodies in mice. Sokal EM, Hoppenbrouwers K, Vandermeulen C, Moutschen M, Lonard P, Moreels A, Haumont M, Bollen A, Smets F, Denis M (2007). None of the 10 subjects who received the vaccine developed infectious mononucleosis, while 1 of the 4 placebo recipients developed the disease; 4 of the 10 vaccine recipients developed asymptomatic EBV infection, while 1 of the 4 placebo recipients had an asymptomatic infection. MeSH Mice immunized with either of the two EBV Newcastle disease virus VLPs produced high levels of EBV neutralizing antibodies and EBV-specific T cell responses in mice. In general, the CR2 binding site on gp350 is highly conserved. Mononucleosis. Unfortunately, viral loads were not measured in the phase 1, 1/2, and 2 trials of the recombinant gp350 vaccine in humans (Moutschen et al. government site. Mono is a contagious illness that is usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Causes Complications Prevention Overview Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease. 2022 Dec 2;14(12):2709. doi: 10.3390/v14122709. 2006). eCollection 2022. Infection of young children by the EBV usually causes little or no illness, although it . There is no vaccine for mononucleosis. Coghill AE, Bu W, Nguyen H, Hsu WL, Yu KJ, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A, Cohen JI (2016). Vaccination of rabbits with trimeric gB, monomeric gH/gL, or trimeric gH/gL induced 18-fold, 20-fold, or >100-fold higher levels of EBV neutralizing antibody than monomeric gp350 (Cui et al 2016). FOIA Infectious mononucleosis is a viral disease that affects certain blood cells. Hettich E, Janz A, Zeidler R, Pich D, Hellebrand E, Weissflog B, Moosmann A, Hammerschmidt W (2006). Stay hydrated. SAP is required for generating long-term humoral immunity. EBV immediate-early proteins Zta (encoded by BZLF1) and Rta (encoded by BRLF1) are the first genes expressed during infection and these are produced before most of the immune evasion genes are expressed which dampen T cell responses (reviewed in Longnecker et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against cells expressing gp350 was not detected in sera from persons at the onset of infectious mononucleosis, but was detected in healthy EBV-seropositive persons (Xu et al. 2018;1045:477-493. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_22. Mononucleosis - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic JCI - Are we there yet? The never-ending quest for an Epstein-Barr Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic In another study, not all cottontop tamarins that developed high neutralizing titers to EBV after vaccine were protected against challenge with the virus (Epstein et al. National Library of Medicine and transmitted securely. A novel tetrameric gp350 1470 as a potential Epstein-Barr virus vaccine. The incidence of infectious mononucleosis in the United States is about 500 cases per 100,000 persons each year (Luzuriaga and Sullivan 2010). 2016). Blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA load and risk of progression to AIDS-related systemic B lymphoma. Moghaddam A, Rosenzweig M, Lee-Parritz D, Annis B, Johnson RP, Wang F (1997). Steven NM, Annels NE, Kumar A, Leese AM, Kurilla MG (1997). This content does not have an Arabic version. What's changed? Recommendations to help treat . The virus spreads from person to person mainly through saliva. Vaccine Development for Epstein-Barr Virus. EBV is associated with lymphoproliferative disease in immunodeficient patients (reviewed in Cohen 2015). FOIA ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00430534. Phase I trial of a CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope-based vaccine for infectious mononucleosis. How to Get Rid of Mono Fast: Treatments, Home Remedies, and More In another approach, neutralizing antibodies were detected in mice immunized with vaccinia virus expressing gp350 or a combination of four vaccinia viruses expressing gp350, gB, EBNA-2, or EBNA-3C mixed together (Lockey et al. In two studies, cottontop tamarins immunized with adenovirus or vaccinia virus expressing gp350 did not develop detectable levels of EBV neutralizing antibody, but were protected from challenge with EBV (Morgan et al. eCollection 2023 Jan. A recombinant gp350 vaccine produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells was tested in two double-blind randomized controlled studies (Moutschen et al. 1998). Porcu P, Eisenbeis CF, Pelletier RP, Davies EA, Baiocchi RA, Roychowdhury S, Vourganti S, Nuovo GJ, Marsh WL, Ferketich AK, Henry ML, Ferguson RM, Caligiuri MA (2002). Cui X, Cao Z, Sen G, Chattopadhyay G, Fuller DH, Fuller JT, Snapper DM, Snow AL, Mond JJ, Snapper CM (2013). Epstein-Barr virus as a leading cause of multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and implications. A ruptured spleen requires immediate medical attention. Each year worldwide there are about 84,000 cases of gastric carcinoma, 78,000 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 29,000 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, 7,000 cases of Burkitt lymphoma, and 2,000 cases of lymphoma in transplant recipients associated with EBV (reviewed in Cohen et al. Jung S, Chung YK, Chang SH, Kim J, Kim HR, Jang HS, Lee JC, Chung GH, Jang YS (2001). Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after COVID-19 vaccination in a young A potential concern is that patients with who have X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 might not have a normal response to the EBV vaccine. At present it is unknown which activities mediated by antibodies are most important for protection against EBV infection or disease. . Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV. 1991). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, also called mono, and other illnesses. The promise of a prophylactic Epstein-Barr virus vaccine Sore throat. 1988; Ragot et al. This suggests that a vaccine that induces persistently elevated levels of EBV B neutralizing antibodies might reduce the rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.