[54][55] Thousands of Albanians consequently fled to Western Europe, particularly to Calabria, Naples, Ragusa and Sicily, whereby others sought protection at the often inaccessible Mountains of Albania. [297] Its standard spoken and written form is revised and merged from the two main dialects, Gheg and Tosk, though it is notably based more on the Tosk dialect. [233] Pupils are required to attend school from the age of six until they turn 16. The politics of Zogu was authoritarian and conservative with the primary aim of the maintenance of stability and order. [260] The country's available average quantity of fresh water is estimated at 129.7 cubic metres (4,580 cubic feet) per inhabitant per year, which is one of the highest rates in Europe. For example, The Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online database (by Brill) already includes eleven dictionaries, including de Vaan's Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. [270][271] Vodafone Albania, Telekom Albania and Albtelecom are the three large providers of mobile and internet in Albania. [318] The Muslim Albanians are spread throughout the country. Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only, but historical chronicles too. ", "Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra", "Albania ranked first in the World for the number of Bars and Restaurants per inhabitant", "Why Albania Is A Great Destination For Wine Drinkers", "Freedom HouseCountries and Territories", United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation, "Kujtimet pr Koo akalin, themeluesin e kngs himariote", "Era Istrefi requires Albanian citizenship, meets with President Nishani", "How Ermonela Jaho became the world's most acclaimed soprano", "Tenori shqiptar Saimir Pirgu nominohet n "Grammy Awards"! As of 1996 military spending was an estimated 1.5% of the country's GDP, only to peak in 2009 at 2% and fall again to 1.5%.[184]. [141] Snowfall occurs frequently in winter in the highlands of the country, particularly on the mountains in the north and east, including the Albanian Alps and Korab Mountains. The resulting civil war caused a wave of evacuations of foreign nationals and refugees.[109]. Ionian etymology in English | Etymologeek.com Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology - Oxford Reference [citation needed] Migration abroad has continued in recent years, particularly of the young and educated. It carries out nearly all general police duties including criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing and border control. [346] The three major private broadcaster corporations are Top Channel, Televizioni Klan and Vizion Plus whose content are distributed throughout Albania and beyond its territory in Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking territories. The bulk of the tourist industry is concentrated along the Adriatic and Ionian Sea in the west of the country. Plural form mice (Old English mys) shows effects of i-mutation. Kombsia dhe feja n Shqipri, 19201944 / Roberto Morocco dela Roka; e prktheu nga origjinali Luan Omari. [302] Macedonian is official in the Pustec Municipality in East Albania. ", "INFLUENCE OF TOURISM SECTOR IN ALBANIAN GDP: ESTIMATION USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION METHOD", "Travel & Tourism: Economic Impact 2017: Albania", "Arrivals of foreign citizens by Lvizjet e shtetasve shqiptar dhe t huaj and Month", "Number of tourists to Albania up 25 pct during summer 2015", "Lonely Planet's top 10 countries for 2011 travel tips and articles Lonely Planet", "Coastline | The Official website of Albanian Tourism", "Turkish consortium bids to build Vlora airport as Albania prepares to launch national carrier", "THE CORE TRANSPORT NETWORK South-East Europe Transport Observatory SEETO", "Serbia and Kosovo Only Beginning to Form Infrastructural Links: Peace Highway to Connect the Region", "Trenat e rinj Tiran-Durrs-Rinas me 222 pasagjer, 112 t ulur", "Hekurudha Tiran-Rinas-Durrs, Haxhinasto: Projekti prfundon n 2019", "Language Education Policy Profile: Albania Country Report", "The Albanian education system described and compared with the Dutch system", "Language Education Policy Profile 2015 2017 ALBANIA", "Overview of the Higher Education System Albania", "Health Care Systems in Transition Albania 2002", "Albania Demographic and Health Survey 200809", "Healthy life expectancy at birth, 20002015", "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", "Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Albania", "The World Is Getting Fatter and No One Knows How to Stop It", "Living Smart, the Mediterranean Way of Being Albanian", "Prevalence of obesity, ages 18+, 20102014", "Albania's Technology Needs Assessment (Final Draft)", "Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 Edition", "Albania Renewable Energy Progress Reports 20142015", Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albania), "Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)", "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants", "Albania, from the largest continental onshore oil reserves in Europe, to the new bridge between the Balkans and Italy, by Dr Lorenc Gordani", "Scoping Report for the ESIA (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment) Albania", "06/11347 - Albania - Benefits of Compliance with environmental acquis - final report", "Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment", "Strategy of Science, Technology and Innovation 20092015", "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Marjeta ael Kos, "The Illyrian King Ballaeus Some Historical Aspects", Library of Congress Country Studies, Albania: Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign. A 1967 law banned all fascist, religious, and antisocialist activity and propaganda. [3] In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn connects to the Black Sea, by the straits of the Dardanelles and the . A few years later Glaucias laid siege to Apollonia and captured the Greek colony of Epidamnos. [316][317] The Albanian Catholic Bishops Conference also cast doubts on the census, complaining that many of its believers were not contacted. Its origin is conclusively unknown, but it is believed to have descended from an ancient Paleo-Balkan language.[355][356][357]. Rivers rise mostly in the east of Albania and discharge into the Adriatic Sea but as well as into the Ionian Sea to a lesser extent. The armed forces were trained and supervised by instructors from Italy, and as a counterweight, he kept British officers in the Gendarmerie despite strong Italian pressure to remove them. [138] The mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 millimetres (24 inches) and 3,000 millimetres (120 inches) depending on geographical location. [334] Centuries later, the Albanian Renaissance proved crucial to the emancipation of the modern Albanian culture and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of literature and art whereas artists sought to return to the ideals of Impressionism and Romanticism. Regions with a traditional presence of ethnic groups other than Albanian. The principal ports serve a system of ferries connecting Albania with numerous islands and coastal cities in Croatia, Greece and Italy. Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary [276] The country is the 8th most populous country in the Balkans and ranks as the 137th most populous country in the world. There are 15 national parks, 4 ramsar sites, 1 biosphere reserve and 786 other types of conservation reserves. [112][113] In adherence to its vision for further integration into the EU, it formally applied for membership on 28 April 2009. These include the colours red and black, animals such as the golden eagle living across the country, costumes such as the fustanella, plis and opinga which are worn to special events and celebrations, plants such as the olive and red poppy growing as well across the country. The 300,000 mark is supported by Greek government as well. Etymon means "origin of a word" in Latin, and comes from the Greek word etymon, meaning "literal meaning of a word according to its origin." Greek etymon in turn comes from etymos, which means "true." [221], The increase of foreign visitors has been dramatic. [240] The health care system of the country is currently organised in three levels, among others primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare, and is in a process of modernisation and development. phantasm: [noun] a product of fantasy: such as. The rail network is administered by the national railway company Hekurudha Shqiptare which was extensively promoted by the dictator Enver Hoxha. [94] The government called for the development of infrastructure and most notably the introduction of a railway system that completely revamped transportation. Many Kelmendi people fled, and some were executed trying to cross the border.[94]. The term Ionian is derived from the Greek word , whose etymology is not known. The crisis led both Aleksandr Meksi and Sali Berisha to resign from office in the wake of the general election. This plan found also the support of Helen of Anjou, a cousin of Charles of Anjou. The meanings "physical condition as regards form or structure," "particular condition or phase," and "condition with reference to a norm" are attested from c. 1300. One of the earliest farming sites in Europe has been found in the southeast of the country. the dialect of ancient Greek spoken in Euboea, the Cyclades, and on the mainland of Asia Minor at Miletus and elsewhere. [241] Neuropsychiatric disease has also increased due to recent demographic, social and economic changes in the country. [35], The Illyrian Ardiaei tribe, centred in Montenegro, ruled over most of the territory of northern Albania. Krofne, similar to Berliner doughnuts, are filled with jam, or chocolate and often eaten during cold winter months. In terms of phytogeography, Albania is part of the Boreal Kingdom and stretches specifically within the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal and Mediterranean Region. [87], Following the end of the government of Fan Noli, the parliament adopted a new constitution and proclaimed the country as a parliamentary republic in which King Zog I of Albania (Ahmet Muhtar Zogu) served as the head of state for a seven-year term. [123][124] From March to June 2020, the government declared a state of emergency as a measure to limit the rapid spread of the pandemic in the country. late 14c., states of the realm, "one of the major classes constituting the body politic and participating in parliament;" see state (n.1) and compare estate. Albania recognises nine national or cultural minorities: Aromanian, Greek, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, Roma, Egyptian, Bosnian and Bulgarian peoples. The country's tertiary education, an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education, has undergone a thorough reformation and restructuring in compliance with the principles of the Bologna Process. noun Prosody. [135] The average precipitation is about 1,485 millimetres (58.5 inches). Albania maintains strong ties with the United States ever after it supported Albania's independence and democracy. [68] Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the Kararname that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina are willing to defend the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro. (n.) also stateroom, 1703, "room in a great house or palace reserved for ceremonial occasions;" earlier (1650s) "a captain's cabin;" from room (n.) + state (n.1) in the sense of "costly and imposing display" also preserved in stately. Ancient architecture is found throughout Albania and most visible in Byllis, Amantia, Phoenice, Apollonia, Butrint, Antigonia, Shkodr and Durrs. He was forced to adopt a policy of cooperation with Italy where a pact had been signed between both countries, whereby Italy gained a monopoly on shipping and trade concessions. According to Ian Jeffries, most of Western sources put the number at around 200,000. : a member of any of the Greek peoples who settled on the islands of the Aegean Sea and the western shore of Asia Minor toward the end of the second millennium b.c. Meaning "collective assets of a dead person or debtor" is from 1830. Harper, Douglas. Albanian wine is also common throughout the country, and has been cultivated for thousands of years. The city of Vlor saw passing through its ports imported merchandise from Europe such as velvets, cotton goods, mohairs, carpets, spices and leather from Bursa and Constantinople. Ionian - etymology.en-academic.com [360] Following the fall of communism, large numbers of Albanians have migrated to countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scandinavia, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The artistic history of Albania has been particularly influenced by a multitude of ancient and medieval people, traditions and religions. [161][162], As a party to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, Albania is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 which, along with national policies, will help to mitigate the impacts of the climate change. There are also 2980 villages (fshatra/fshatrat), neighborhoods or wards (lagje/lagjet), and localities (lokalitete/lokalitetet) previously used as administrative units. In the field of education, illiteracy was eliminated among the country's adult population. [157][158] Climate change is predicted to have serious effects on the living conditions in Albania. The lek (ALL) is the country's currency and is pegged at approximately 132.51 lek per euro. Agriculture became cooperative, and production increased significantly, leading to the country becoming agriculturally self-sufficient. [305] Due to a sharp rise in economic relations with Turkey, interest in learning Turkish, in particular among young people, has been growing on a yearly basis. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on the coast. [229][230] The Autostrada 2 (A2) is part of the AdriaticIonian Corridor as well as the Pan-European Corridor VIII and connects Fier with Vlor. ( architecture) of an order of classical Greek architecture whose distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. It will prospectively link Durrs on the Adriatic Sea across Pristina in Kosovo with the Pan-European Corridor X in Serbia. In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern, central and other southern regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Petulla, a traditional fried dough, is also a popular speciality, and is served with powdered sugar or feta cheese and different sorts of fruit jams. Contrasted with man (n.) from 1620s (nor man nor mouse). The country is home to extensive mountain ranges, including the Albanian Alps in the north, the Korab Mountains in the east, the Pindus Mountains in the southeast, the Ceraunian Mountains in the southwest and the Skanderbeg Mountains in the centre. [62] Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the Ottoman Empire. Skanderbeg managed to gather several of the Albanian principals, amongst them the Arianitis, Dukagjinis, Zaharias and Thopias, and establish a centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories, becoming the Lord of Albania. [142][143] Because of remoteness, the mountains and hills of Albania are endowed with forests, trees and grasses that are essential to the lives for a wide variety of animals, among others for two of the most endangered species of the country, the lynx and brown bear, as well as the wildcat, grey wolf, red fox, golden jackal, Egyptian vulture and golden eagle, the latter constituting the national animal of the country.[144][145][146][147]. Durrs is the busiest and largest seaport in the country, followed by Vlor, Shngjin and Sarand. Strong economic growth potential puts Albania and Panama top of long term investment list. The first evangelical Protestants appeared in the 19th century and the Evangelical Alliance was founded in 1892. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. Albanian weightlifters have won a total of 16 medals at the European Championships with 1 of them being gold, 7 silver and 8 bronze. [278] It is forecast that the population will continue shrinking for the next decade at least, depending on the actual birth rate and the level of net migration. The country has never had an official religion either as a republic or as a kingdom. The protected areas of Albania are areas designated and managed by the Albanian government. [131] Mount Korab, rising at 2,764m (9,068.24ft) above the Adriatic, is the highest point, while the Mediterranean Sea, at 0m (0.00ft), is the lowest point. The phenomenon of Islamisation among the Albanians became primarily widespread from the 17th century and continued into the 18th century. Learn more. [200] According to Forbes, as of December2016[update], the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was growing at 2.8%. [37] In 229 BC, Rome declared war[38] on the kingdom for extensively plundering Roman ships. [62] Enjoying this privileged position, they held various high administrative positions with over two dozen Albanian Grand Viziers. [188] The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and law enforcement. Since the Albanians were seen as strategically important, they made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman military and bureaucracy. In the late 15th century, Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, when the modern Albanian state declared independence. 10 Major Ionian Sea Facts You Must Know - Marine Insight The smallest county, by population, is Gjirokastr County with over 70,000 people. [39] Gentius clashed with the Romans in 168BC, initiating the Third Illyrian War. Nowadays, it has 160 member congregations from different Protestant denominations. The oldest found seeds in the region are 4,000 to 6,000 years old. [56][57] The Albanians, as Christians, were considered an inferior class of people, and as such they were subjected to heavy taxes among others by the Devshirme system that allowed the Sultan to collect a requisite percentage of Christian adolescents from their families to compose the Janissary. The kingdom claimed all of central Albania territory from Dyrrhachium along the Adriatic Sea coast down to Butrint. There is a significant number of private and public institutions of higher education well dispersed in the major cities of Albania. The rise of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages was accompanied by a corresponding growth in Christian and Islamic art in the lands of Albania which are apparent in examples of architecture and mosaics throughout the country. According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610 or 98.8% of the population declared Albanian as their mother tongue. In November, the first gendarmerie members arrived in the country. He thwarted every attempt by the Ottomans to regain Albania, which they envisioned as a springboard for the invasion of Western Europe. In 1949, a new Decree on Religious Communities required that all their activities be sanctioned by the state alone. With the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into Southeast Europe. [102], After hundreds of mosques and dozens of Islamic libraries containing priceless manuscripts were destroyed, Hoxha proclaimed Albania the world's first atheist state in 1967. The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words, phrases, and idioms. [94] The Kelmend region was almost isolated by both the border and by a lack of roads for another 20 years, the institution of agricultural cooperatives brought about economic decline. In the World Weightlifting Championships, the Albanian weightlifting team has won in 1972 a gold in 2002 a silver and in 2011 a bronze medal. [181], Albania reduced the number of active troops from 65,000 in 1988 to 14,500 in 2009. From Ionia (moon of Jupiter): Io + -n- + -ian. Albania is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic. The victory of Russia over the Ottoman Empire following the Russian-Ottoman Wars resulted the execution of the Treaty of San Stefano which overlooked to assign Albanian-populated lands to the Slavic and Greek neighbours. This is a noun of action from the past-participle stem of stare "to stand" (from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm"). a figment of the imagination. It is governed by the Football Association of Albania (Albanian: Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit, F.SH.F. a style of printing type. Following the disintegration of the communist system, Albania embarked on an active path towards Westernisation with the ambition to obtain membership in the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). - Wiktionary They are mentioned by the humanist Marin Barleti, who in his book Siege of Shkodr (Rrethimi i Shkodrs) from 1504, confirms that he leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the people (in vernacula lingua) as well as his famous biography of Skanderbeg Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis (History of Skanderbeg) from 1508. The country's most important infrastructure facilities take course through both of the cities, connecting the north to the south as well as the west to the east. Every cultural and geographical region of Albania has its own specific variety of costume that vary in style, material, colour, shape, detail, and form. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durrs, Vlor, and Shkodr. It may be derived from the Illyrian tribe of Albani (Albanian: Albant) recorded by Ptolemy, who drafted a map in 150AD which shows the city of Albanopolis located northeast of Durrs. [205] The country's proximity to the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea give the underdeveloped fishing industry great potential. Harper, Douglas. [136] According to the Kppen classification, Albania encompasses five primary climatic types, spanning from Mediterranean and subtropical in the western half to oceanic, continental and subarctic in the eastern half of the country. The census was criticised and boycotted by minorities in Albania. D. Harper. The first compilation of Albanian folk music was made by two Himariot musicians, Neo Muka and Koo akali, in Paris, during their work with Albanian soprano Tefta Tashko-Koo. A place in the United States A city in Iowa. The communists defeated the last anti-communist forces in the south in 1944. The element also can represent "killing," from French -cide, from Latin -cidium "a cutting, a killing.". The schemes swept up somewhere between one sixth and one third of the population of the country. The Albanian athletes have won a total of 43 (8 gold, 17 silver and 18 bronze) medals from 1987 to 2013.